Banpu has implemented waste-stream mapping across the full value chain, covering upstream activities, own operations, and downstream processes, to systematically identify waste generation points, waste management practices, and associated risks. This mapping supports strategic planning and the advancement of circular economy practices by prioritizing waste prevention and resource efficiency. Where waste generation is unavoidable, potential waste is reused, recycled, or recovered as secondary materials wherever feasible, while residual waste is managed through environmentally sound treatment and disposal methods, including incineration and qualified landfill, in compliance with applicable regulations and best practices.